French Republic

1800 def. virtually unopposed

1810 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1811 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1812 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1813 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1814 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1815 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1816 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1817 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1818 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1819 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1820 def. Benjamin Constant (Left Brumairian)

1823 def. Benjamin Constant (Coppetard)

-appointed by grand elector roederer as consul of the interior after the brumaire coup

-drafted civil code with committee, got it passed in 1804 over objections of constant

-likewise got criminal, procedure, commercial code passed

-model for many liberal law codes known as "cambaceres codes" in recognition of cambaceres' role in its writing

-system exported to netherlands, italy, german states, and elsewhere with time

-French Wars > First French War (1792-1804) comes to end in 1804, French Sister States > Batavian Republic established, italian territories up to papal states and venice, reorganization of germany with sister states of westphalia, wurttemburg, hesses as buffer

-italian sister states unified over his objections into federal republic

-federal because perceived weakness of system

-reinstated trade after war, anvers turned into great port city

-colonial expansion to australia, batavian colonies expanded under french request

-state centralized with prefect system established

-many conspiracies occur, fouche comes in and limits their number

-1807 riots occur in paris over redevelopment, stopped but government promises reform as panacea

-paris redevelopment occurs, city redesigned and revamped

-policies of unlimited immigration bringing in lots of italians and germans

-1810 election occurs, high turnout and government-supported notables win many seats

-referendum making legislative body elective, reducing number of notables, and making nat'l notable elections annual, wins heavily

-electorate for legislative body is all householders, smaller than notable electorate

-industrial growth in period, belgium becomes centre of this and causes migration of french speakers towards it

-also sarre and ruhr, and aix-la-chappelle becomes main industrial centre cuz near both belgium and ruhr

-brings in many germans as well

-vote margins in annual notable elections slowly reduce as enthusiasm for reform grows

-treasury established, bankers like lafitte, perier appointed as regents

-beginnings of industrialism

-1820 election, opponents win

-in referendum, notable numbers further reduced

-death of fouche, results in higher number of conspiracies

-beginning of French Wars > Second French War (1821-32), mostly with warfare with Britain

-but also sees food insecurity due to potatoes going bad, results in discontent

-sluggish relief, but brings in convoy of American grain

-sees France's Wars > First Invasion (1822-1826) of Algiers due to disputes over exporting its grain

-catalyzes urbanization into industrial areas, particularly northwest zone

-in 1824, following expansion of war into continental war, large mob in war panic gathers in Paris

-suppressed but results in emergency calling of college of conservators to decide what to do

-votes to absorb roederer into college, strips him of grand elector position

-cambaceres resigns and leaves office, dies soon afterwards

-ultimately viewed positively predominately for legal reform

1826 def. Louis-Mathieu Mole (Right Brumairian)

1829 def. Louis-Mathieu Mole (Right Brumairian)

1832 def. Louis-Mathieu Mole (Right Brumairian)

1835 def. Scipion Perier (Right Coppetard), Louis-Mathieu Mole (Right Brumairian)

-placed in power by new administration

-issues constitutional amendment reducing number of notables to mere 600

-separates national, departmental, communal notables, makes them all elected directly by people

-makes alliance with prussia, with hanover to be split between them

-prussia proves much weaker than anyone expected, results in it signing peace with austria where it gives up exclaves to various states but keeps silesia

-british revolution in 1827 (Heads of British Isles > ^ff21d6), results in king of britain exiled to hanover with some of ruling class and establishment of modern government of British Isles

-however, Hanover which was previously a neutral territory immediately becomes hardcore anti-French, blaming France for this

-resulting treaty:

-ultimately peace signed recognizing austrian gains, pope refuses to recognize italian gains

-war has created further nationalism, helped to further national growth, and many veterans move to booming cities

-with rising crisis of growth of slums

-Chauvelin seeks to fight this through massive municipal expansion, but only semi-successful by time he dies

1838 def. Jean-Baptiste Gay (Parti Constitutionnel)

-longstanding banker in administration

-continues to liberalize laws, explosion of press occurs

-which in turn results in growth of political papers and all

-chaotic cabinet, increasingly divided between right and left factions

-with Lafitte forced to straddle the line between them

-thanks to the Coppetard agenda being effectively finished

-right coppetards split under fellow banker scipion perier, join with opposition

-rising challenge of this deflected when pro-lafitte notables still elected as majority in 1838, enough for him to claim victory and secure renewal of cabinet

-reduces number of notables to 300 due to belief that larger would help him most of all due to rural urban split

-legislative body elections (staggered) go wrong way due to defections caused by him being perceived as radical, result in opponents winning

-defeat in notable elections as oppositionists take up majority of national notables, accepts this in first fully peaceful power change

-goes on to invest in large amounts of railways as businessman

1841 def. Jacques Lafitte (Coppetard), Armand Carrel ()

1844 def.

1847 def.

-party named after associated newspaper, Le Constitutionnel

-Gay had served as Sieyes' unofficial successor

-victor in backlash against lafitte's chaotic ministry

-ironclad hold over ministers below him

-to preempt reform attempts, reduces number of national notables even more to merely 150 people, allocated by department by population

-made algiers a french client state after tripolitania turned into british client

-US's Wars > Second Quasi War (1839-42) with the United States of America doesn't help things as people not terribly enthusiastic about it, and clear French interests defeated does not help

-then faced with origin of French Wars > Third French War (1847-1854)

-reacts slowly, Roman uprising takes him under surprise and he gets ousted when opposition proposes respected leader

1850 def. Jean-Baptiste Gay (Constitutionnel)

-old respected general resolute in solidarity with new revolutions

-and he's unattached with most existing parties but well-respected military career

-went to war with coalition again in French Wars > Third French War (1847-1854) following explosion of Schleswig crisis

-initial austrian advance in italy, germany turned back with seismic battles

-he leads war effort against reactionary states effectively

-dominates foreign ministries heavily, ensuring modern precedent of consul of interior being in charge

-leads war effort intensely due to experience as general

-reduced number of national notables to 100

-effectively turned national notables into responsible house, as tribunal and council of state both have 50 members and required to take members from national notables

-this was caused by his exclusion from tribunal despite victory in previous elections

-portugal advances in Bahian Republic, successfully takes salvador but finds it hard to advance further

-france helps sponsor rebellion in southern brazil that creates "meridia"

-portugal forced out, also loses meridia

-invested substantially in Railways > ^531327, expanded industrialism accordingly

-similarly Telegraphy > ^4f36ac also pops up, particularly on border with Germany

-only intended to be temporary, he dies as a pretty old guy

1853 def. Francois Mauguin (National Constitutional Union)

1856 def. Leon de Maleville (National Constitutional Union)

-met with suspicion for his being another military general, but popular for wartime successes and selected to keep wartime coalition together

-expanded french colonialism in West Africa somewhat, makes Lagos a formal colony (Republic of Lagos > ^d5b16d)

-rising industrial tensions which he keeps a lid on

-however, a series of strikes begin in Flanders industrial region and he has to send army to repress it

-France does not end up with some mega-victory, but general attitude is that it fought well but was betrayed

-and so is able to win reelection

-begins process of restoring gold standard by buyup of California gold

-dies soon after war, super popular, but more controversial after death for despotic tendencies

-new republicans very much one man show

-and Billault ascends to power because he is most capable in Council of State, thus able to oust his way into power

-ministers effectively running their own thing, ignoring consul who can't dismiss them w/o killing majority support

-finally defeated in 1859 elections

1859 def. Adolphe Billault (New Republican)

1862 def. Jules Favre (New Republican)

-legalized unions, primarily to oppose new republican industrialists

-and also to gain support from urban workers, albeit with partial success due to party having to juggle this with support from farmers and all

-focused on navy, trade with other nations

-expanded colonial holdings, influence over africa

-sees restoration of gold standard in 1861 due to acquisition of California gold

-though initially popular, end of California gold rush causes deflation, economic crisis, Paris Bourse crash in 1864

-is unable to form Council of State post-election

1865 def. Leon de Maleville (National Constitutional Union)

-son of industrialist and speculator

-makes his name as diehard republican, supports 1824 regime change including being on the streets at age of 15

-eventually becomes most major Lyonnais politician, supporter of New Republicans

-in power, tries to resolve Panic in 1864

-puts a lot of money towards getting gold to mint new money

-to combat deflationary pressures that this doesn't fight, brings in silver

-however, increasing divisions within party and continuing deflation, and in 1868 defeated

1868 def. Jules Favre (New Republican)

1871 def. Leon de Maleville (National Constitutional Union)

-Nicois figure, with engineering background

-leads a fragile coalition consisting of many opponents of New Republicans from across the board

-Menabrea himself is not 100% behind concept of democracy, but need to compete in elections forces him to emphasize it

-decline of agrarianism is what forces the rise of the Democratic Union as new expanded version of Constitutionalists

-with rise of Transvaal Gold Rush in 1869 and re-emergence of Portuguese African slave trade, issues declaration of war and embarks on France's Wars > Franco-Portuguese War (1871-2)

-makes sure to include acquisition of Lourenço Marques in peace treaty, begins process of building road to Transvaal to import gold

-Democratic Union being fragile, coalition ends up breaking up over the outbreak of Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5)

-Menabrea's seeming inaction wracks elements of his broad coalition

-culminates in opposition Tribunate nominating general which secures coalition of broad coalition

1874 def. Louis Frédéric Menabrea (Democratic Union (Menabrean)), ---------- (Independent Constitutionalist)

-leads the way in intervening against Russia in Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5)

-military understanding means he serves quite well

-attempts to lead wartime coalition even after war comes to a conclusion in name of stability

-leads his coalition hard to the right, and strikebreaks hard

-leaning rightward in general attempt to get right-wing support, with middling perspective

-regarded as wannabe authoritarian by many for this and viewed as old fossil

-however, this leads to coalition breaking up, and election is effectively an inauguration of his successor

1877 def.

1880 def.

-supports protectionist policies, to fight rising industrial competition with the post-Civil War United States

-endorses Transvaal Revolution, and successfully ensures gold is mined throughout it

-when request comes from Westphalian rulers to crush industrial unrest in Ruhr Valley, he agrees, thus causing French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4)

-disgust among many for this bizarre alliance with royalists

-also suspension of gold standard, causing controversy within even own party

-but ultimately causes war frenzy, leading to Democratic Union winning the "double-majority" - in both Council of State and Tribunate - in 1880

-however, Russia declares war, causing panic

-with it increasingly clear war not going well, results in collapse of his Council of State

1883 def. Louis Frédéric Menabrea (Democratic Union)

1886 def.

-was a diehard critic of French imperialism and authoritarianism, particularly Saint-Arnaud

-and opposed to war, despite lack of popularity of that position is consistent in that way

-successfully brings war to an end

-and is leading in foundation of International Forum

-sets tone postwar of anti-imperialism incl. abroad

-recognizes that loss of markets following loss of alliance with Batavian Republic needs to be overcome

-preferring to establish French Daughter Republics over full-blown colonies, both because cheaper and out of principle

-promotes restoration of gold standard, initiates pretty intense period of gold hoarding to rebuild reserves

-free trade policies, however, inspire backlash, including within party

-specifically, his support of free trade with British Isles

-divided party ends up defeated badly

1889 def. Charles Schurz (Popular Radical)

1892 def.

1895 def.

-immediately re-establishes protectionist policies

-but also continues Schurz' hard money policies

-1892 attempted military coup occurred, legislative building temporarily occupied, legislature disembarked to champ de mars to denounce regime in open air, was successful in breaking apart coup plotters' cohesion

-served to add to feelings of defeat among the french

-resulted in formation of national government, whose makeup turned out to be permanent

-Sadi Carnot takes opportunity to formalize national government with the creation of a permanent coalition

1898 def. Marie François Sadi Carnot (Concorde)

-tries to retire gold standard

-new law making the French franc a fiat currency, making it convertible with national bonds

-eventually, Associationists break up over seeming moderation of coalition

-Sadi Carnot successfully achieves unification of enough Social Radicals to form government

1901 def.

1904 def.

1907 def.

1910 def.

1913 def.

1916 def.

1919 def.

1922 def.

1926 def.

1929 def.

1932 def.

1935 def.

1938 def.

-outbreak of French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41)

-refused to move to Lyons to stand bravely

-killed by German bombers

1941 def.

1944 def.

-served as minister of sub-delegation, unofficially as "Minister of Everything"

-ascends following death of predecessor

-presides over victory against the Germans

-postwar, initiates massive campaign of reconstruction

-as well as cost-cutting measures around colonies to help pay for it

1800-1824: Pierre-Louis Roederer

1824-1831: Guillaume-Xavier Labbey de Pompieres

1831-1855: Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure

1855-xxxx: Joseph Gregoire Casy